02.08.2020

services trade data

), there is a scarcity of relevant data, which makes it difficult to properly assess the international supply of services. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) For example, computer services can be delivered either by electronic means (mode 1) and/or by natural persons travelling abroad to provide those services (mode 4).

These statistics can help better understand the drivers and consequences of international trade in services. This article describes the simplified Eurostat model used to derive data on international services statistics by modes of supply (MoS). For exports to the rest of the world (Figure 9), mode 1 accounts for a considerable share in Luxembourg (89 %), Malta (72 %), Cyprus (66 %), Romania (63 %), Slovakia (63 %), Belgium (61 %), Latvia (61 %), Hungary (57 %), Greece (55 %) Czechia (52 %), and Poland (51 %). Therefore, this has been corrected by taking into account the implied ratio K65 production value over turnover, as calculated by the available IFATS and SBS data (see also below). Statistics on total trade in services by modes of supply aim to answer the question of how and where services are supplied to foreign customers.

In outward FATS (mode 3 exports), for section K ‘financial and insurance activities’ only the turnover value is available.

Distribution services are defined as the distributive services provided by wholesale and retail trade industries.

Through digitization and document pouch, xBS also provides a more organised way to manage trade data/document and to keep records for audits. Provided that the necessary data on the services embedded in manufactured products become available, mode 5 (value added concept) in services trade would be an interesting path for future work. The largest contributors are: ‘other business services’ accounting for 27 %, ‘transport services’ accounting for 20 %, ‘telecommunication, computer and information services’ accounting for 17 % and ‘financial services’ accounting for 11 %. For example, recent advances in 3D printing, not yet ripe for large-scale deployment for mass production across all industry sectors, may lead to a shift from trade in finished goods to trade in ‘additive ingredients’ and various manufacturing services. The mode 3 calculation for the EU-27 was based on EU-27 aggregate data whose availability is almost complete (the main exception was the inward FATS data for NACE section K, for which values for several countries and the EU aggregate had to be estimated).

For services imports (Figure 6), ‘other business services’ again took the highest ranking, with EUR 616 billion in annual import volumes. Provided that the necessary data on the services embedded in manufactured products become available, mode 5 (value added concept) in services trade would be an interesting path for future work. 5.8). Services are traded under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
The production value is used for section G and the turnover value is used for all other cases (see details for section K in the section below).

In this article, for most economic activities the ‘turnover’ value was used for estimating services. Instead, the distribution service value is captured in ITGS, as this value is included in the total value of traded goods crossing the border. Mode 3 was estimated using economic activities of NACE division C33 and sections D to S excluding O for exports (outward FATS), while sections D to N (excluding O) and divisions C33 and S95 were used for imports (inward FATS). For example, for ‘computer services’, it was assumed that 75 % are supplied through mode 1 and 25 % through mode 4. Although most distribution services of wholesalers and retailers are excluded from EBOPS, they are included in W/120, which is used in GATS negotiations (MSITS para 3.53). Mode 4 is again somewhat more significant for Malta and Ireland, accounting for 9 % and 7 % of the imports respectively.

Figure 2 presents EU imports from countries outside the EU, broken down by the four modes of supply. In other words, about 60 % of the EU-27’s total services are supplied via mode 3 (mode 3 exports of the EU to non-member countries reach EUR 1 446 billion EUR). For example, we assumed that 75 % of computer services were traded by mode 1 and 25 % by mode 4. A relatively significant trade surplus was recorded for mode 4 (18 EUR billion) with a ratio to total trade of 9.4 %.
While the services classification offers valuable information on the types of services traded, it is also important to identify where and how the services are supplied by considering the location of the supplier and customer (Table 4). More refined allocation from NACE to EBOPS should also be developed in the future.

For services supplied through mode 3 (commercial presence), the following service items make the largest contributions: 'distribution services' account for 23 %, ‘other business services’ (including R&D, accounting, legal and engineering services) account for 18 % , 'transport services' for 15 %, while ‘telecommunication, computer and information services’ and ‘financial services’ each account for 14 % (Figure 4). Statistics on the international trade in services offer a good picture of trade flows between countries, based on the services classification.

OECD.org The proportion of these services is substantial and increasing accounting for 34 % of EU manufacturing exports (Cernat, Kutlina-Dimitrova). For mode 1, a trade deficit of EUR 14 billion was registered, with a proportion to total trade of 1.1 %.

Mode 3 was estimated using OFATS and IFATS data, as the sum of turnover (or production value) of the following NACE sections and divisions:

This is mainly due to the differences in traded services across the countries, which is also related to their innovative technologies and expertise in trading in services globally. In further MoS research, general proportional assumptions could be replaced by actual shares resulting from surveys of individual countries. In particular, any exports to the affiliate back to the country of origin are not exports.

Many services are non-transportable, i.e.

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