02.08.2020

management of cholera outbreak pdf

As the vascular volume is reestablished, a larger needle or catheter can be introduced in a peripheral vein.Intraosseous routes have been used successfully in young children when veins cannot be accessed. Azman AS, Luquero FJ, Ciglenecki I, Grais RF, Sack DA, Lessler J. Medscape Medical News. Table 7. WHO Guidelines for Cholera Management Oral Replacement Solution for Maintenance of HydrationTable 6. 2010 Haiti Cholera Outbreak. Zambia has experienced recurrent cholera outbreaks since the late 1970s, primarily during the rainy season. Severe diarrhea caused by cholera toxin-producing vibrio cholerae serogroup O75 infections acquired in the southeastern United States.

Also instruct the caretaker to return the patient to the hospital if any signs of danger appear.An effective antibiotic can reduce the volume of diarrhea in patients with severe cholera and shorten the period during which Antibiotic treatment is indicated for severely dehydrated patients who are older than 2 years. Cholera outbreak in West Africa was first reported in Guinea.

Table 3.

This content cannot be displayed without JavaScript.An analysis of the data collected at this point will be used to determine if a cholera outbreak is underway, to estimate the risk of a severe outbreak, to determine the potential benefit of vaccination against cholera, and to evaluate the treatment resource needs.In general, a cholera outbreak is defined as any increase in the number of cholera cases compared to the expected number for a given place over a particular period of time.Determine the level of risk an outbreak poses to the population in terms of morbidity, mortality, probability of extension.The level of risk for a severe outbreak grows as the number of risk factors increases.The use of cholera vaccines in response to an epidemic requires a rapid analysis of the current and historical data. Rehydration is the first priority in the treatment of cholera. Demonstrate how to prepare and give the solution. Management of a CHOLERA EPIDEMIC; Chapter 2: Outbreak investigation; 2.6 Data analysis. Medscape Medical News. If the pulse is not yet strong, continue to give IV fluid rapidly. Rapid identification of cases in children and adults and prompt treatment will … Table 4. A booster dose is recommended after 2 years.CVD 103-HgR is a cholera vaccine developed by the Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute in Berne, Switzerland. Haelle T. CDC Now Recommends Cholera Vaccine Before Travel. Shanchol is a similar formulation available in India. Available at Kenneth Todar. Outbreaks can occur sporadically in any part of the world where water supply, sanitation, food safety, and hygiene are inadequate.

The risk of an international traveler from a developed country contracting cholera is small (1 case in 500,000 travelers). Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA. However, such an approach is unrealistic for the many impoverished populations most affected by cholera.Outbreaks can be mitigated and case-fatality rates can be reduced by means of several other measures, many of which are suitable for community participation. Give these patients ORS packets to take home, enough for 2 days. The caretaker should give the patient the amount of ORS solution shown in Table 4.Instruct the patient or the caretaker to return if any of the following signs develop:Any signs indicating other problems (eg, fever, blood in stool)Maintain hydration of patients presenting with severe or some dehydration. Serum-specific gravity is an additional measure of the adequacy of rehydration.Administer ORS solution according to the amount recommended in Table 3. WHO ORS contains the following:A homemade equivalent is 6 teaspoons of sugar and one half teaspoon of salt in a liter of water; a half cup of orange juice or some mashed banana can provide potassium.Use the patient's age only when weight is unknown. Chen WH, Cohen MB, Kirkpatrick BD, Brady RC, Galloway D, Gurwith M, et al. Pan American Health Organization. Oral vaccines for preventing cholera. CDC. The study found that vaccine coverage was 65% in the vaccination only group and 66% in the vaccination and behavioral change group. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL MANUAL food/water appears to be the source of an outbreak.

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